Condition

Diabetes mellitus type 1

Clinical trials and treatment information for Diabetes mellitus type 1

19.6M
People Affected
50
Active Trials
294K
New Cases/Year
49K
Deaths/Year

Treatment Rankings

Ranked by evidence volume first. Medicine has spent centuries ranking things by vibes. This is an improvement.

1
Insulin Therapy (Basal-Bolus Regimen)
95% Effectiveness• 98% Confidence• 55% Safety• 21 trials• 2M participants
HIGH EvidenceExcellent ValueDose: Highly individualized, typically 0.4-1.0 units/kg/day
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Comparative Safety Scale(Higher is safer)

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Meth💀
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Morphine💊
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55
DangerousModerateSafe

Time to Effect

Immediate for acute effects, weeks-months for stable control

Duration

Lifetime

Response Rate

90%

Remission Rate

0%

Common Side Effects:

Hypoglycemia: 60%
Weight Gain: 30%
Lipohypertrophy: 25%

Annual Cost of Care

Drug Cost

$5,000

Monitoring

$1,500

Side Effects

$500

Total Annual

$7,000

Cost-Effectiveness

EXCELLENT

QALYs Gained

20

Cost per Responder

$7,778

Treatment Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)9.0%
-16.7% (-1.5%)
Fasting Plasma Glucose200 mg/dL
-35% (-70 mg/dL)
2-hour Postprandial Glucose280 mg/dL
-35.7% (-100 mg/dL)
Time in Range (70-180 mg/dL)30%
+116.7% (+35%)
Secondary Benefits
Severe Hypoglycemic Events0.5 events/patient/year
-60% (-0.3 events/patient/year)
Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) score3.5/6 (average item score)
-28.6% (-1.0 point)
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Events0.2 events/patient/year
-50% (-0.1 events/patient/year)
Common Side Effects
Hypoglycemia
+60%
Weight Gain
+30%
Lipohypertrophy
+25%

Clinical Trial Phases:

Phase 4
2
Automated Insulin Delivery (AID) Systems
90% Effectiveness• 92% Confidence• 55% Safety• 45 trials• 10K participants
HIGH EvidenceGood ValueDose: Automated algorithm-driven insulin delivery
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Comparative Safety Scale(Higher is safer)

Cyanide☠️
Meth💀
Cigarettes🚬
Chemo☢️
Alcohol🍺
Morphine💊
Antibiotics💉
Tylenol💊
Exercise🏃
Water💧
55
DangerousModerateSafe

Time to Effect

Days-weeks for optimized control

Duration

Lifetime

Response Rate

90%

Remission Rate

0%

Common Side Effects:

Hypoglycemia: 40%
Infusion site irritation/occlusion: 15%
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): 1%

Annual Cost of Care

Drug Cost

$5,000

Monitoring

$9,000

Side Effects

$500

Total Annual

$14,500

Cost-Effectiveness

GOOD

QALYs Gained

2

ICER

$80,000/QALY

Cost per Responder

$16,111

Treatment Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Time in Range (TIR) 70-180 mg/dL58%
+20.7% (+12 percentage points)
HbA1c7.8%
-9% (-0.7 percentage points)
Time in Hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dL)2.5%
-60% (-1.5 percentage points)
Time above 180 mg/dL38%
-36.8% (-14 percentage points)
Secondary Benefits
Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) total score2.7/6.0 (higher scores indicate more distress)
-18.5% (-0.5 points)
Fear of Hypoglycemia (HFS-R) score2.5/5.0 (higher scores indicate more fear)
-16% (-0.4 points)
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) global score8.5/21.0 (higher scores indicate poorer sleep)
-17.6% (-1.5 points)
Common Side Effects
Hypoglycemia
+40%
Infusion site irritation/occlusion
+15%
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
+1%

Clinical Trial Phases:

Phase 4
3
Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)
85% Effectiveness• 95% Confidence• 90% Safety• 417 trials• 50K participants
HIGH EvidenceGood ValueDose: Continuous wear of sensor
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Comparative Safety Scale(Higher is safer)

Cyanide☠️
Meth💀
Cigarettes🚬
Chemo☢️
Alcohol🍺
Morphine💊
Antibiotics💉
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Water💧
90
DangerousModerateSafe

Time to Effect

Immediate (data display), weeks-months for improved control

Duration

Lifetime (continuous use)

Response Rate

85%

Remission Rate

0%

Common Side Effects:

Skin irritation at sensor site: 10%
Sensor malfunction: 2%

Annual Cost of Care

Drug Cost

$0

Monitoring

$3,500

Side Effects

$50

Total Annual

$3,550

Cost-Effectiveness

GOOD

QALYs Gained

1

ICER

$50,000/QALY

Cost per Responder

$4,176

Treatment Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
HbA1c8.2%
-9.8% (-0.8%)
Time in Range (70-180 mg/dL)50%
+36% (+18 percentage points)
Time Above Range (>180 mg/dL)40%
-37.5% (-15 percentage points)
Time Below Range (<70 mg/dL)6.0%
-41.7% (-2.5 percentage points)
Secondary Benefits
Hypoglycemia Fear Survey (HFS-II) ScoreHFS-II score: 45/69
-17.8% (-8 points)
Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) Scale ScorePAID score: 35/100
-20% (-7 points)
Glycemic Variability (Standard Deviation of Glucose)65 mg/dL
-15.4% (-10 mg/dL)
Common Side Effects
Skin irritation at sensor site
+10%
Sensor malfunction
+2%

Clinical Trial Phases:

Phase 4
4
SGLT2 Inhibitor (Dapagliflozin)
70% Effectiveness• 80% Confidence• 60% Safety• 14 trials• 15K participants
MODERATE EvidenceModerate ValueDose: Dapagliflozin 5-10 mg orally once daily
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Comparative Safety Scale(Higher is safer)

Cyanide☠️
Meth💀
Cigarettes🚬
Chemo☢️
Alcohol🍺
Morphine💊
Antibiotics💉
Tylenol💊
Exercise🏃
Water💧
60
DangerousModerateSafe

Time to Effect

Days-weeks for glycemic, months-years for CV/renal benefits

Duration

Lifetime (as needed)

Response Rate

70%

Remission Rate

0%

Number Needed to Harm (NNH)

100

Common Side Effects:

Genital Mycotic Infections: 12%
Urinary Tract Infections: 7%
Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): 1.5%
Dehydration: 6%

Annual Cost of Care

Drug Cost

$6,000

Monitoring

$200

Side Effects

$500

Total Annual

$6,700

Cost-Effectiveness

MODERATE

QALYs Gained

0.15

ICER

$120,000/QALY

Cost per Responder

$9,571

Treatment Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
HbA1c8.0%
-5% (-0.4% points)
Total Daily Insulin Dose60 units/day
-10% (-6 units/day)
Body Weight85 kg
-3% (-2.55 kg)
Time in Range (CGM)55%
+21.8% (+12 percentage points)
Secondary Benefits
Systolic Blood Pressure130 mmHg
-3.08% (-4 mmHg)
Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (UACR)60 mg/g
-30% (-18 mg/g)
Health-Related Quality of Life (EQ-5D-5L Index)0.75 (scale 0-1)
+4% (+0.03 points)
Common Side Effects
Genital Mycotic Infections
+12%
Urinary Tract Infections
+7%
Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
+1.5%

Clinical Trial Phases:

Phase 4 (for T2D)Phase 3/4 (for T1D where approved)
5
Pramlintide
65% Effectiveness• 75% Confidence• 60% Safety• 38 trials• 8K participants
MODERATE EvidencePoor ValueDose: 60-120 mcg subcutaneously before each major meal
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Comparative Safety Scale(Higher is safer)

Cyanide☠️
Meth💀
Cigarettes🚬
Chemo☢️
Alcohol🍺
Morphine💊
Antibiotics💉
Tylenol💊
Exercise🏃
Water💧
60
DangerousModerateSafe

Time to Effect

Immediate (postprandial glucose), months for weight effects

Duration

Lifetime (as needed)

Response Rate

60%

Remission Rate

0%

Common Side Effects:

Nausea: 30%
Anorexia: 15%
Severe Hypoglycemia (with insulin): 8%

Annual Cost of Care

Drug Cost

$7,000

Monitoring

$100

Side Effects

$300

Total Annual

$7,400

Cost-Effectiveness

POOR

QALYs Gained

0.08

ICER

$200,000/QALY

Cost per Responder

$12,333

Treatment Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)8.0%
-5% (-0.4% points)
2-hour Postprandial Glucose270 mg/dL
-29.6% (-80 mg/dL)
Total Daily Insulin Dose50 units/day
-15% (-7.5 units/day)
Body Weight90 kg
-1.7% (-1.5 kg)
Secondary Benefits
Glycemic Variability (Standard Deviation of Glucose)60 mg/dL
-12% (-7.2 mg/dL)
Time in Range (70-180 mg/dL)50% (of time)
+20% (+10% points)
Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQ) Score25/36 points
+15.2% (+3.8 points)
Common Side Effects
Nausea
+30%
Anorexia
+15%
Severe Hypoglycemia (with insulin)
+8%

Clinical Trial Phases:

Phase 4