Condition

COVID-19

Clinical trials and treatment information for COVID-19

152.3M

People Affected

300

Active Trials

700M

New Cases/Year

7.9M

Deaths/Year

Treatment Rankings

Ranked by evidence volume first. Medicine has spent centuries ranking things by vibes. This is an improvement.

Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (Paxlovid)

85% Effectiveness• 95% Confidence• 60% Safety• 45 trials• 15K participants

HIGH EvidenceExcellent ValueDose: Nirmatrelvir 300 mg / Ritonavir 100 mg orally twice daily

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Comparative Safety Scale(Higher is safer)

Cyanide☠️

Meth💀

Cigarettes🚬

Chemo☢️

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Morphine💊

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DangerousModerateSafe

Time to Effect

Within 3-5 days of symptom onset (when taken early)

Duration

5 days

Response Rate

85%

Remission Rate

Number Needed to Treat (NNT)

Number Needed to Harm (NNH)

500

Common Side Effects:

Dysgeusia (altered taste): 25%

Diarrhea: 8%

Nausea: 6%

Drug-drug interactions: 5%

Annual Cost of Care

Drug Cost

$530

Monitoring

$20

Side Effects

$30

Total Annual

$580

Cost-Effectiveness

EXCELLENT

QALYs Gained

0.03

ICER

$14,000/QALY

Cost per Responder

$682.35

Treatment Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Number of Participants Classified According to Education Level at Index Date32 Participants

-97% (-31.0 Participants)

Number of Participants Classified According to Employment Status at Index Date41 Participants

-98% (-40.0 Participants)

Height at Index Date

Weight at Index Date

Body Mass Index (BMI) at Index Date

Number of Participants Classified According to Smoking Status at Index Date8 Participants

-12% (-1.0 Participants)

Number of Participants Who Had at Least 1 Pre-existing Comorbidity at Index Date

Number of Participants Who Had at Least 1 Concomitant Medication for Comorbidities at Index Date

Number of Participants With COVID-19 Infection During the Last 6 Months Prior to Index Date

Duration Between Last COVID-19 Infection and Index Date

Number of Participants Who Had Previously Received at Least 1 Dose of Any COVID-19 Vaccine

Number of Participants Classified According to the Type of COVID-19 Vaccine Received Previously

Duration Between Previous COVID-19 Vaccination Date and Index Date

Number of Participants Classified According to Total Number of Previous COVID-19 Vaccine Doses Taken10 Participants

+350% (+35.0 Participants)

Number of Participants Classified According to Dose of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir Received at Index Date229 Participants

-92% (-210.0 Participants)

Number of Participants Classified According to Frequency of Dosing of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) at Index Date245 Participants

-99% (-243.0 Participants)

Number of Participants Classified According to Dispensed Type of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (PAXLOVIDTM) at Index Date236 Participants

-95% (-225.0 Participants)

Number of Participants Classified According to Medications Used to Treat COVID-19 Infection at Index Date

Number of Participants Who Were Hospitalized at Index Date

Number of Participants Who Were Hospitalized Due to COVID-19 at Index Date

Length of Hospitalization Stay Due to COVID-19 at Index Date

Number of Participants With Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Admission at Index Date

Length of ICU Stay Due to COVID-19 at Index Date

Number of Participants Who Were on Supplemental Oxygen Use at Index Date

Number of Participants Who Were on Vasopressor Use at Index Date

Number of Participants With Intubation at Index Date

Number of Participants With Outpatient Visits at Index Date

Number of Participants Who Had Emergency Room (ER) Visits Due to COVID-19 at Index Date

Percentage of Participants With Sustained Nasopharyngeal (NP) Swab Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) < Lower Limit of Quantitation (LLOQ) From Day 15 to Day 44

Secondary Benefits

Number of Participants Who Were Hospitalized During the 30-day Post-Index Period

Number of Participants Who Were Hospitalized Due to COVID-19 During the 30-day Post-Index Period

Length of Hospitalization Stay Due to COVID-19 During the 30-day Post-Index Period

Common Side Effects

Dysgeusia (altered taste)

+25%

Diarrhea

+8%

Nausea

+6%

Clinical Trial Phases:

Phase 3Phase 4

Dexamethasone

80% Effectiveness• 95% Confidence• 50% Safety• 109 trials• 100K participants

HIGH EvidenceExcellent ValueDose: 6 mg orally or IV once daily

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Comparative Safety Scale(Higher is safer)

Cyanide☠️

Meth💀

Cigarettes🚬

Chemo☢️

Alcohol🍺

Morphine💊

Antibiotics💉

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Exercise🏃

Water💧

DangerousModerateSafe

Time to Effect

2-3 days

Duration

7-10 days

Response Rate

35%

Remission Rate

Number Needed to Treat (NNT)

Number Needed to Harm (NNH)

Common Side Effects:

Hyperglycemia: 15%

Insomnia: 10%

Mood changes: 7%

Fluid retention: 8%

Annual Cost of Care

Drug Cost

$20

Monitoring

$50

Side Effects

$100

Total Annual

$170

Cost-Effectiveness

EXCELLENT

QALYs Gained

0.046

ICER

$1,757/QALY

Cost per Responder

$485.71

Treatment Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

28-day all-cause mortality (patients on invasive mechanical ventilation)41.4% (risk in usual care group)

-29.2% (-12.1% (absolute risk reduction))

28-day all-cause mortality (patients on oxygen, not invasive ventilation)26.2% (risk in usual care group)

-11.1% (-2.9% (absolute risk reduction))

Median duration of hospital stay15 days (usual care for patients requiring oxygen/IMV)

-13.3% (-2 days)

Secondary Benefits

Proportion of patients discharged alive within 28 days60% (usual care group, patients requiring oxygen/IMV)

+13.3% (+8% (absolute increase))

Time to clinical recoveryMedian 14 days (usual care, patients on oxygen)

-14.3% (-2 days)

C-reactive protein (CRP)80 mg/L (typical baseline in severe COVID-19)

-60% (-48 mg/L)

Common Side Effects

Hyperglycemia

+15%

Insomnia

+10%

Mood changes

+7%

Clinical Trial Phases:

Phase 3Phase 4

Tocilizumab

80% Effectiveness• 90% Confidence• 45% Safety• 86 trials• 15K participants

HIGH EvidenceGood ValueDose: 8 mg/kg IV (max 800 mg)

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Comparative Safety Scale(Higher is safer)

Cyanide☠️

Meth💀

Cigarettes🚬

Chemo☢️

Alcohol🍺

Morphine💊

Antibiotics💉

Tylenol💊

Exercise🏃

Water💧

DangerousModerateSafe

Time to Effect

2-5 days

Duration

Single dose or two doses

Response Rate

65%

Remission Rate

Number Needed to Treat (NNT)

Number Needed to Harm (NNH)

Common Side Effects:

Serious infections: 8%

Neutropenia: 7%

Elevated liver enzymes: 6%

GI perforation: 0.5%

Annual Cost of Care

Drug Cost

$1,500

Monitoring

$100

Side Effects

$200

Total Annual

$1,800

Cost-Effectiveness

GOOD

QALYs Gained

0.04

ICER

$12,000/QALY

Cost per Responder

$2,769.23

Treatment Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

28-day Mortality29.3%

-14% (-4.0%)

Progression to Mechanical Ventilation or Death (composite)28%

-57% (-16%)

Time to Hospital DischargeMedian 13 days

-8% (-1 day)

C-reactive protein (CRP)120 mg/L

-75% (-90 mg/L)

Secondary Benefits

Duration of Oxygen SupportMedian 7 days

-29% (-2 days)

D-dimer (Fibrinogen Equivalent Units)1.5 mcg/mL (FEU)

-33% (-0.5 mcg/mL (FEU))

Ferritin800 ng/mL

-38% (-300 ng/mL)

Common Side Effects

Serious infections

+8%

Neutropenia

+7%

Elevated liver enzymes

+6%

Clinical Trial Phases:

Phase 3Phase 4

Baricitinib

75% Effectiveness• 90% Confidence• 55% Safety• 30 trials• 10K participants

HIGH EvidenceGood ValueDose: 4 mg orally once daily

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Comparative Safety Scale(Higher is safer)

Cyanide☠️

Meth💀

Cigarettes🚬

Chemo☢️

Alcohol🍺

Morphine💊

Antibiotics💉

Tylenol💊

Exercise🏃

Water💧

DangerousModerateSafe

Time to Effect

7-14 days

Duration

14 days or until hospital discharge

Response Rate

65%

Remission Rate

Number Needed to Treat (NNT)

Number Needed to Harm (NNH)

150

Common Side Effects:

Infections: 8%

Thromboembolism: 3%

Elevated cholesterol/lipids: 7%

Anemia/neutropenia: 4%

Annual Cost of Care

Drug Cost

$1,200

Monitoring

$100

Side Effects

$150

Total Annual

$1,450

Cost-Effectiveness

GOOD

QALYs Gained

0.02

ICER

$33,000/QALY

Cost per Responder

$2,230.77

Treatment Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Time to Recovery (median days to hospital discharge or sustained clinical improvement)12 days

-8.3% (-1 day)

Progression to mechanical ventilation or death (by Day 29)17.7%

-27.7% (-4.9 percentage points)

All-cause mortality (60-day, in patients receiving oxygen support)17.5%

-28.6% (-5.0 percentage points)

Secondary Benefits

Proportion of patients with clinical improvement (by Day 15, on 7-point ordinal scale)70%

+8.6% (+6 percentage points)

C-reactive protein (CRP) levels80 mg/L

-37.5% (-30 mg/L)

Duration of oxygen support (median days for patients receiving it)7 days

-14.3% (-1 day)

Common Side Effects

Infections

+8%

Thromboembolism

+3%

Elevated cholesterol/lipids

+7%

Clinical Trial Phases:

Phase 3Phase 4

Remdesivir

70% Effectiveness• 90% Confidence• 60% Safety• 123 trials• 20K participants

HIGH EvidenceGood ValueDose: 200 mg IV on Day 1, then 100 mg IV daily

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Comparative Safety Scale(Higher is safer)

Cyanide☠️

Meth💀

Cigarettes🚬

Chemo☢️

Alcohol🍺

Morphine💊

Antibiotics💉

Tylenol💊

Exercise🏃

Water💧

DangerousModerateSafe

Time to Effect

5-10 days

Duration

3-5 days

Response Rate

55%

Remission Rate

Number Needed to Treat (NNT)

Number Needed to Harm (NNH)

200

Common Side Effects:

Nausea: 12%

Elevated liver enzymes (ALT/AST): 7%

Infusion-related reactions: 2%

Renal impairment: 1%

Annual Cost of Care

Drug Cost

$2,300

Monitoring

$100

Side Effects

$50

Total Annual

$2,450

Cost-Effectiveness

GOOD

QALYs Gained

0.01

ICER

$19,500/QALY

Cost per Responder

$4,454.55

Treatment Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Time to RecoveryMedian 15 days (placebo group)

-33.3% (-5 days)

Time to Hospital DischargeMedian 12 days (untreated hospitalized patients)

-25% (-3 days)

Risk of Progression to Mechanical Ventilation or ECMO17.4% (placebo group for hospitalized patients requiring oxygen)

-26.4% (-4.6 percentage points)

Secondary Benefits

Duration of Supplemental OxygenMedian 10 days (untreated severe COVID-19)

-20% (-2 days)

Nasopharyngeal Viral Load (copies/mL)1,000,000 copies/mL (high viral load)

-90% (-900,000 copies/mL)

C-reactive protein (CRP)50 mg/L (elevated in moderate-severe COVID-19)

-20% (-10 mg/L)

Common Side Effects

Nausea

+12%

Elevated liver enzymes (ALT/AST)

+7%

Infusion-related reactions

+2%

Clinical Trial Phases:

Phase 3Phase 4

Molnupiravir

65% Effectiveness• 85% Confidence• 65% Safety• 22 trials• 10K participants

MODERATE EvidencePoor ValueDose: 800 mg orally twice daily

Find Trials

Comparative Safety Scale(Higher is safer)

Cyanide☠️

Meth💀

Cigarettes🚬

Chemo☢️

Alcohol🍺

Morphine💊

Antibiotics💉

Tylenol💊

Exercise🏃

Water💧

DangerousModerateSafe

Time to Effect

Within 5 days of symptom onset

Duration

5 days

Response Rate

35%

Remission Rate

Number Needed to Treat (NNT)

Common Side Effects:

Diarrhea: 4%

Nausea: 2%

Dizziness: 2%

Potential for viral mutation: 1%

Annual Cost of Care

Drug Cost

$700

Monitoring

$20

Side Effects

$10

Total Annual

$730

Cost-Effectiveness

POOR

QALYs Gained

0.008

ICER

$140,000/QALY

Cost per Responder

$2,085.71

Treatment Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Risk of COVID-19-related Hospitalization or Death (up to Day 29)9.7% (placebo group incidence)

-30% (-2.9 percentage points (from 9.7% to 6.8%))

Time to Symptom ResolutionMedian 14 days (placebo)

-21.4% (-3 days)

SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load Reduction (nasopharyngeal swab)High viral load (e.g., 6.0 Log10 copies/mL)

-99% (-2.0 Log10 copies/mL (at Day 5 vs. placebo))

Secondary Benefits

Duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA DetectabilityMedian 28 days (placebo)

-25% (-7 days)

COVID-19 Symptom Severity Score (e.g., 0-10 scale)Moderate symptoms (e.g., 5.0 points)

-10% (-0.5 points)

Proportion of Patients Achieving Full Symptom Resolution/Return to Usual Health70% (placebo group by Day 29)

+14.3% (+10 percentage points (from 70% to 80%))

Common Side Effects

Diarrhea

+4%

Nausea

+2%

Dizziness

+2%

Clinical Trial Phases:

Phase 3Phase 4