Condition

Colon and rectum cancer

Clinical trials and treatment information for Colon and rectum cancer

11.7M
People Affected
200
Active Trials
3.3M
New Cases/Year
1M
Deaths/Year

Treatment Rankings

Ranked by evidence volume first. Medicine has spent centuries ranking things by vibes. This is an improvement.

1
Pembrolizumab (for MSI-H/dMMR)
90% Effectiveness• 95% Confidence• 45% Safety• 50 trials• 5K participants
HIGH EvidenceModerate ValueDose: 200 mg IV every 3 weeks or 400 mg IV every 6 weeks
Find Trials

Comparative Safety Scale(Higher is safer)

Cyanide☠️
Meth💀
Cigarettes🚬
Chemo☢️
Alcohol🍺
Morphine💊
Antibiotics💉
Tylenol💊
Exercise🏃
Water💧
45
DangerousModerateSafe

Time to Effect

1-3 months

Duration

Until progression or up to 2 years

Response Rate

50%

Remission Rate

10%

Number Needed to Treat (NNT)

3

Common Side Effects:

Fatigue: 40%
Diarrhea/Colitis: 15%
Rash: 15%
Endocrinopathies: 7%
Pneumonitis: 4%

Annual Cost of Care

Drug Cost

$150,000

Monitoring

$10,000

Side Effects

$8,000

Total Annual

$168,000

Cost-Effectiveness

MODERATE

QALYs Gained

1.5

ICER

$112,000/QALY

Cost per Remission

$1,680,000

Cost per Responder

$336,000

Treatment Outcomes
Efficacy Outcomes
Overall Effectiveness
+90%
Response Rate
+50%
Remission Rate
+10%
Common Side Effects
Fatigue
+40%
Diarrhea/Colitis
+15%
Rash
+15%

Clinical Trial Phases:

Phase 2Phase 3Phase 4
2
FOLFOX (Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, Oxaliplatin)
85% Effectiveness• 90% Confidence• 25% Safety• 56 trials• 50K participants
HIGH EvidenceGood ValueDose: Oxaliplatin 85mg/m2, Leucovorin 400mg/m2, Fluorouracil 400mg/m2 bolus then 2400mg/m2 infusion, every 2 weeks
Find Trials

Comparative Safety Scale(Higher is safer)

Cyanide☠️
Meth💀
Cigarettes🚬
Chemo☢️
Alcohol🍺
Morphine💊
Antibiotics💉
Tylenol💊
Exercise🏃
Water💧
25
DangerousModerateSafe

Time to Effect

6-9 weeks

Duration

6 months (adjuvant) or until progression (metastatic)

Response Rate

45%

Remission Rate

5%

Number Needed to Treat (NNT)

7

Common Side Effects:

Neuropathy: 70%
Fatigue: 80%
Nausea/Vomiting: 60%
Diarrhea: 50%
Myelosuppression: 50%

Annual Cost of Care

Drug Cost

$20,000

Monitoring

$15,000

Side Effects

$10,000

Total Annual

$45,000

Cost-Effectiveness

GOOD

QALYs Gained

1.2

ICER

$60,000/QALY

Cost per Remission

$900,000

Cost per Responder

$100,000

Treatment Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Median Progression-Free Survival6 months
+50% (+3 months)
Median Overall Survival15 months
+33.33% (+5 months)
Objective Response Rate (Tumor Shrinkage)20% of patients
+125% (+25 percentage points)
Secondary Benefits
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Level150 ng/mL
-60% (-90 ng/mL)
Sum of Longest Diameters of Target Lesions (RECIST)100 mm
-30% (-30 mm)
Pain Severity (EORTC QLQ-C30)60/100 (higher score means more pain)
-33.33% (-20 points)
Common Side Effects
Neuropathy
+70%
Fatigue
+80%
Nausea/Vomiting
+60%

Clinical Trial Phases:

Phase 3Phase 4
3
FOLFIRI (Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, Irinotecan)
83% Effectiveness• 90% Confidence• 25% Safety• 49 trials• 40K participants
HIGH EvidenceGood ValueDose: Irinotecan 180mg/m2, Leucovorin 400mg/m2, Fluorouracil 400mg/m2 bolus then 2400mg/m2 infusion, every 2 weeks
Find Trials

Comparative Safety Scale(Higher is safer)

Cyanide☠️
Meth💀
Cigarettes🚬
Chemo☢️
Alcohol🍺
Morphine💊
Antibiotics💉
Tylenol💊
Exercise🏃
Water💧
25
DangerousModerateSafe

Time to Effect

6-9 weeks

Duration

Until progression

Response Rate

40%

Remission Rate

5%

Common Side Effects:

Diarrhea: 80%
Myelosuppression: 70%
Fatigue: 80%
Nausea/Vomiting: 60%
Alopecia: 50%

Annual Cost of Care

Drug Cost

$15,000

Monitoring

$15,000

Side Effects

$10,000

Total Annual

$40,000

Cost-Effectiveness

GOOD

QALYs Gained

0.8

ICER

$80,000/QALY

Cost per Remission

$800,000

Cost per Responder

$100,000

Treatment Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Tumor Size Reduction (RECIST Criteria)Sum of target lesion diameters: 75 mm
-35% (-26.25 mm)
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) LevelsElevated CEA level: 80 ng/mL
-60% (-48 ng/mL)
Cancer-Related Pain ScoreNRS Pain Score: 7/10
-40% (-2.8 points)
ECOG Performance StatusECOG Performance Status: 2/5
-50% (-1 point)
Secondary Benefits
EORTC QLQ-C30 Global Health StatusEORTC QLQ-C30 Global Health Status: 50/100
+20% (+10 points)
EORTC QLQ-C30 Fatigue ScaleEORTC QLQ-C30 Fatigue Scale: 60/100
-25% (-15 points)
Hemoglobin LevelsHemoglobin: 10.0 g/dL
+10% (+1.0 g/dL)
Common Side Effects
Diarrhea
+80%
Myelosuppression
+70%
Fatigue
+80%

Clinical Trial Phases:

Phase 3Phase 4
4
Bevacizumab (added to chemotherapy)
75% Effectiveness• 90% Confidence• 35% Safety• 2 trials• 25K participants
HIGH EvidencePoor ValueDose: 5 mg/kg IV every 2 weeks or 7.5 mg/kg IV every 3 weeks (with chemotherapy)
Find Trials

Comparative Safety Scale(Higher is safer)

Cyanide☠️
Meth💀
Cigarettes🚬
Chemo☢️
Alcohol🍺
Morphine💊
Antibiotics💉
Tylenol💊
Exercise🏃
Water💧
35
DangerousModerateSafe

Time to Effect

1-3 months

Duration

Until progression

Response Rate

60%

Remission Rate

5%

Number Needed to Treat (NNT)

8

Common Side Effects:

Hypertension: 25%
Proteinuria: 25%
Hemorrhage: 15%
Thromboembolic events: 8%
GI perforation: 2%

Annual Cost of Care

Drug Cost

$110,000

Monitoring

$17,000

Side Effects

$15,000

Total Annual

$142,000

Cost-Effectiveness

POOR

QALYs Gained

0.2

ICER

$180,000/QALY

Cost per Remission

$2,840,000

Cost per Responder

$236,667

Treatment Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Overall Survival (OS)15.6 months (median OS with chemotherapy alone)
+30.13% (+4.7 months)
Progression-Free Survival (PFS)6.2 months (median PFS with chemotherapy alone)
+70.97% (+4.4 months)
Objective Response Rate (ORR)34.8% (ORR with chemotherapy alone)
+28.74% (+10 percentage points)
Secondary Benefits
Duration of Response (DoR)5.4 months (median DoR with chemotherapy alone)
+92.59% (+5 months)
Disease Control Rate (DCR)67.5% (DCR with chemotherapy alone)
+19.85% (+13.4 percentage points)
Quality of Life (EORTC QLQ-C30 Global Health Status)70/100 (typical baseline score)
+2.86% (+2 points)
Common Side Effects
Hypertension
+25%
Proteinuria
+25%
Hemorrhage
+15%

Clinical Trial Phases:

Phase 3Phase 4
5
Cetuximab (added to chemotherapy, RAS Wild-Type)
75% Effectiveness• 90% Confidence• 35% Safety• 150 trials• 20K participants
HIGH EvidenceModerate ValueDose: Initial 400 mg/m2 IV, then 250 mg/m2 IV weekly (with chemotherapy)
Find Trials

Comparative Safety Scale(Higher is safer)

Cyanide☠️
Meth💀
Cigarettes🚬
Chemo☢️
Alcohol🍺
Morphine💊
Antibiotics💉
Tylenol💊
Exercise🏃
Water💧
35
DangerousModerateSafe

Time to Effect

1-3 months

Duration

Until progression

Response Rate

60%

Remission Rate

5%

Number Needed to Treat (NNT)

8

Common Side Effects:

Acne-like rash: 85%
Hypomagnesemia: 60%
Fatigue: 40%
Diarrhea: 25%
Infusion reactions: 4%

Annual Cost of Care

Drug Cost

$95,000

Monitoring

$17,000

Side Effects

$15,000

Total Annual

$127,000

Cost-Effectiveness

MODERATE

QALYs Gained

0.2

ICER

$115,000/QALY

Cost per Remission

$2,540,000

Cost per Responder

$211,667

Treatment Outcomes
Efficacy Outcomes
Overall Effectiveness
+75%
Response Rate
+60%
Remission Rate
+5%
Common Side Effects
Acne-like rash
+85%
Hypomagnesemia
+60%
Fatigue
+40%

Clinical Trial Phases:

Phase 3Phase 4
6
Capecitabine (oral)
70% Effectiveness• 90% Confidence• 30% Safety• 45 trials• 30K participants
HIGH EvidenceExcellent ValueDose: 1250 mg/m2 orally twice daily for 14 days, then 7 days rest, every 3 weeks
Find Trials

Comparative Safety Scale(Higher is safer)

Cyanide☠️
Meth💀
Cigarettes🚬
Chemo☢️
Alcohol🍺
Morphine💊
Antibiotics💉
Tylenol💊
Exercise🏃
Water💧
30
DangerousModerateSafe

Time to Effect

6-9 weeks

Duration

6 months (adjuvant) or until progression (metastatic)

Response Rate

30%

Remission Rate

3%

Number Needed to Treat (NNT)

9

Common Side Effects:

Hand-foot syndrome: 55%
Diarrhea: 50%
Fatigue: 60%
Nausea/Vomiting: 40%
Stomatitis: 25%

Annual Cost of Care

Drug Cost

$18,000

Monitoring

$10,000

Side Effects

$5,000

Total Annual

$33,000

Cost-Effectiveness

EXCELLENT

QALYs Gained

1

ICER

$30,000/QALY

Cost per Remission

$1,100,000

Cost per Responder

$110,000

Treatment Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Median Progression-Free Survival4.0 months
+30% (+1.2 months)
Median Overall Survival10.0 months
+20% (+2.0 months)
Maximum Target Lesion Diameter Reduction120 mm
-35% (-42 mm)
Secondary Benefits
IV Chemotherapy Administration Visits12 visits/6 months
-100% (-12 visits/6 months)
Pain Severity Score (Numeric Rating Scale 0-10)6/10 points
-33.3% (-2 points)
Body Weight65 kg
+1.5% (+1.0 kg)
Common Side Effects
Hand-foot syndrome
+55%
Diarrhea
+50%
Fatigue
+60%

Clinical Trial Phases:

Phase 3Phase 4
7
Regorafenib
50% Effectiveness• 85% Confidence• 30% Safety• 10 trials• 7K participants
HIGH EvidencePoor ValueDose: 160 mg orally once daily for 3 weeks, followed by 1 week off, every 4 weeks
Find Trials

Comparative Safety Scale(Higher is safer)

Cyanide☠️
Meth💀
Cigarettes🚬
Chemo☢️
Alcohol🍺
Morphine💊
Antibiotics💉
Tylenol💊
Exercise🏃
Water💧
30
DangerousModerateSafe

Time to Effect

2-4 months

Duration

Until progression or unacceptable toxicity

Response Rate

5%

Remission Rate

1%

Number Needed to Treat (NNT)

9

Common Side Effects:

Hand-foot skin reaction: 60%
Fatigue: 65%
Diarrhea: 35%
Hypertension: 25%
Hepatotoxicity: 12%

Annual Cost of Care

Drug Cost

$180,000

Monitoring

$8,000

Side Effects

$7,000

Total Annual

$195,000

Cost-Effectiveness

POOR

QALYs Gained

0.15

ICER

$400,000/QALY

Cost per Remission

$19,500,000

Cost per Responder

$3,900,000

Treatment Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Overall Survival5.0 months (median)
+28% (+1.4 months)
Progression-Free Survival1.7 months (median)
+17.6% (+0.3 months)
Disease Control Rate (Stable Disease or better)15% of patients
+173.3% (+26 percentage points)
Secondary Benefits
Objective Response Rate (Complete or Partial Response)0.4% of patients
+150% (+0.6 percentage points)
Time to Progression1.9 months (median)
+42.1% (+0.8 months)
Common Side Effects
Hand-foot skin reaction
+60%
Fatigue
+65%
Diarrhea
+35%

Clinical Trial Phases:

Phase 3Phase 4